B) self-serving bias. Tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other ethnic groups. Social psychologists have developed several ways to measure this automatic preference, the most famous being the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). This activity was created by a Quia Web subscriber. HLT 1353. chapter_12_answers - CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. The tendency to favor an idea, person, or thing over another is known as Multiple Choice rebuttal. model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components. These groups could be formed by gender, race, ethnicity, or a favorite sports team. Ethnocentrism. b. This episode provides an example of, A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit. Psychological impact of anti-Asian stigma due to COVID-19 pandemic: A call for research, practice, and policy responses. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. If people do not want to invite Margaret on vacation because they fear that she will move too slowly (a common view of older people) then they are discriminating against her. Was the White person wrong because they will never learn to be comfortable if they avoid contact? Rudman, L. A., & Ashmore, R. D. (2007). ethnocentrism.d. Blatant bias is not a thing of the past, however. Consequently, because of the absence of genuine feedback, Yosef is not able to progress like other trainees. People have always and still do openly dehumanize outgroup members and harbor hostile attitudes toward them. 3. a special and definite purpose in a novel or other literary work. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. The dislike originates from each classs favoritism toward itself and the fact that only one group can play on the soccer field at a time. Although categorizing can be useful, it can also result in serious and negative consequences when labels are associated with a person or groups worth. The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. Measured cognitive dissonance by paying participants to $1 or $20 to lie about the enjoyment of a dull task. Researchers suggested three possible reasons that why watching TV is negatively linked to children's achievement. How often do you hear people criticizing groups without knowing anything about them? tendency. Expert Answer. This means seeing women, minorities, homosexuals, and non-believers as inferior. An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by: Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that, That actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes, The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by, The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as, Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. In the context of the motivational sources of prejudice, this scenario exemplifies ________. The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. Here, it is because this outgroup member brings in values or beliefs that the person high in RWA disagrees with, thus threatening the collective values of his or her group. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. 97 terms. other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership (s). the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. In order for a transaction to be recorded in a business accounting records, the effects of the transaction must be faithfully represented. d. women tend to share similar attitudes about sex. D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion. After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." In-group favoritism is an ambiguous form of bias because it disfavors the outgroup by exclusion. a. more; less : Men are more intelligent. does not simply mean taking pride in one's group; it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups. c. The need to be accepted by others is a powerful motivating force. Which branch of psychology is most connected with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another, Attribution theory was designed to account for, Ksana insists that her boyfriends car accident resulted form his carelessness. This reaction is best explained in terms of: After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any person they perceived as Middle Eastern. Examined the impact of obedience to authority with his controversial Shock experiment. The test itself is rather simple (and you can experience it yourselfhere). Its not that the person high in SDO wants to control what this outgroup member does; its that moving into this nice neighborhood disrupts the social hierarchy the person high in SDO believes in (i.e. (2020). that most people like women more than men. This shows that: The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call: people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. Women cannot drive. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. A) Having a limited, narrow, or self-centered perspective. This best illustrates, Social loafing referes to the tendency for people to, Exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal. An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality. Nosotros _____ (ir) a la playa. d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. View Essay - chapter_12 from HLT 1353 at University of Houston. By understanding this natural human tendency, you can focus on finding ways to cut other people a break and to stop expecting the worst. The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. frustration-aggression principle., The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: a. a social trap. People are often biased against others outside of their own social group, showing prejudice (emotional bias), stereotypes (cognitive bias), and discrimination (behavioral bias). ethnocentrism . Iceland, for example, guarantees legal equality between men and women. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Intergroup bias. Study Resources. b. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) Expert Help. This illustrates, Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called, Research participants believed that the Ash conformity test involved a study of, Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. b. hypothalamus A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). This example is an illustration of: If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate: They are excited on the morning of the competition because they both believe that their team is going to win since they are the better team. The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. b. less; more The finding that the greater the number of people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help, the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain, apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group, the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. It turns out, however, that peoples reaction time on the IAT predicts actual feelings about out-group members, decisions about them, and behavior towardthem, especially nonverbal behavior (Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009). This finding is an example of: In Europe, prejudice is often greater among those whose positive self-image is threatened. c. outgroup bias. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like social identity theory observations, Reza is a male, Muslim, and Persian. The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. However, to justify preferential treatment, people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup. jamie watson voice actor; is matt manning related to peyton manning; men's patchwork jeans; Published by on 17. Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others is a false statement. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of, A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage, Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to, Deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers, Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because, The "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. What is a FALSE statement regarding the research on microaggressions. We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. The tendency for people to believe the world is Just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Around nine-in-ten Americans favor some form of marijuana legalization, according to an April 2021 Pew Research Center survey.An overwhelming majority of U.S. adults (91%) say either that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use (60%) or that it should be legal for medical use only (31%).Just 8% say the drug should not be legal in any form. Common stereotypes of people from all sorts of categories and occupations turn out to classify them along these two dimensions (see Figure 1). For example, by crediting the ingroup for its successes, while blaming external factors for its failures. For example, researchers have found that those who score higher on SDO are usually lower than average on tolerance, empathy, altruism, and community orientation. People are generally faster at pairing their own group with good categories. the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another, the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition, the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events, occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness, the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request, a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave, the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. b. the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon. B) ingroup bias. C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request. That said, the targets of bias sometimes shift across time. Indicate the amount of expenses (if any) the firm recognizes during the months of June, July, and August in each of the following hypothetical transactions. Today, many nations have equality clearly articulated in their constitutions. It's awful what the human race can do, even with the way we . living in a nice neighborhood denotes ones place in the social hierarchya place reserved for ones in-group members). skepticism. For example, the SDO gender difference (men higher, women lower) appears all over the world. (tn dn si) n., pl. d. ingroup bias., Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. c. deindividuation. Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. Finally, the tendency to categorize can be associated with discrimination. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if, He feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team, After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. Discrimination and the implicit association test. lowering the value of ones house; fewer openings in the school; etc.). Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. These maps of the group terrain predict specific types of discrimination for specific kinds of groups. This fact is consistent with the principle that ________ breeds prejudice. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. View quiz 5 psych 312.docx from PSYCH 312 at Liberty University. She tends to overpraise his achievements in order to avoid appearing biased. Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression. b. egocentrism.c. a. ingroup bias. Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is an ideology that emphasizes conformity or obedience to authority (Altemeyer, 1988). Specifically, people see members of an outgroup as more similar to one another in personality than they actually are. Being audience-centered means a speaker must sacrifice what she or he really believes to get a favorable response from . Aggression Some group stereotypes are mixed, high on one dimension and low on the other. exclusivity. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most: These types of stereotypes were overt, unapologetic, and expected to be shared by otherswhat we now call blatant biases. They were generalizations about a group, since most of the college students did not interact with people from Turkey. which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. Es gratis registrarse y presentar tus propuestas laborales. This module focuses on biases against individuals based on group membership and against groups. Examined the impact of social roles and authority on behavior with his famous Stanford Prison experiment. Plan a vacation in Switzerland that centers around its natural landscape. Then create a word search puzzle using the sentences-without the word as clues. Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. One explanation is that historical biases were widespread and institutionalized. a. human aggression is an unlearned instinct. Subtle biases (also called automatic or implicit biases) are unexamined and sometimes unconscious, but just as real in their consequences. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. Notably, the combination of high RWA and high SDO predicts joining hate groups that openly endorse aggression against minority groups, immigrants, homosexuals, and believers in non-dominant religions (Altemeyer, 2004). c. offering them opportunities to play violent video games when they feel angry. a. amygdala a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. What is faithful representation, and why is it important. This way of perceiving and making . Boy scout experiment- created conflict and then used superordinate goals to override it, woman whose murder in front of witnesses led to research on bystander effect, Los Infinitivos -AR de Descubre 1: Parte 1, Los Infinitivos -AR de Descubre 1: Parte 2, 01: History of PsychPeople (Unit 1 Review), Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. The point is that SDOa preference for inequality as normal and naturalalso predicts endorsing the superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion. to have power or mastery over. Groupthink: . python 3d scatter plot with labels; scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. Answer 23:- Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own cultu . self-worth. . B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior. This is not to suggest that actual older people are not competent, of course, but that they are not widely admired for their accumulated wisdom. ____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy. In political science, Duverger's law holds that single-ballot majoritarian elections with single-member districts (such as first past the post) tend to favor a two-party system.The discovery of this tendency is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s. Here are some more examples that are actually prejudice, watch what you say! Unfortunately, problems can also arise from our tendency to categorize. This experiment best illustrated the impact of, The discomfort we feel when 2 thoughts are inconsistent is called, Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as the, We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. Under the proper circumstances, most people can suppress their natural aggressiveness. This best illustrates the value of, Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. What term best describes Elena's behavior? More recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, some people held hostile views of Asian-Americans, who they perceived as being associated with the coronavirus (Misra, Le, Goldmann & Yang, 2020). Classic examples of blatant bias include the views of members of hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and members of Hitlers Nazi party. Just that morning, a court officer had confiscated a juror's copy of The New York Post with the case on the cover. Understand biases such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. PPP and ( 1 at p)p)p). An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. (2010), since the Iraq war, Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for: People redirect their hostility when the cause of their frustration is intimidating or unknown. School California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Course Title PSYC 3500; Uploaded By staceymartinez1224. Receives a utility bill on July 2 totaling $4,560 for services received during June. Where stereotypes are related to thinking, prejudices are more emotional in nature. In our soccer example, one set of children will focus on their own desire to play without really regarding the similar desire of the other class as equal and legitimate. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. She goes against the common idea of older adults as being weak or unhealthy. 30. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. A loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Desirable? Armstrong Publishing had 25% of its sales in mysteries, 10% in biographies, 15% in cookbooks, 15% in romance novels, 20% in science, and the rest in business books. The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. Explaining behaviors based on a person's characteristics; traits, maturity, etc. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. C) Having an unreasonable fear of those who are different from you. Also called the cross- race effect and the own- race bias. Raised in a society that places a premium on individual achievement and uniqueness, Americans seem to develop a tendency to focus on the characteristics of the individual in making attributions. When she gets home in the evening, she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. b. deindividuation. This is an especially useful way to measure potential biases because it does not simply ask people to openly report on the extent to which they discriminate against others. Sons are more valued than daughters. Intergroup relations. It pays the utility bill during July. A groups position on the dimensions of warmth and competence dictate whether we relate to its members with admiration, dehumanizing contempt, competitive envy, or paternalistic caretaking. 1. For instance, the constitution of the United States attempted to ensure that all people were represented by the government and could participate in the creation of government. The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. Understand 21st century biases that may break down as identities get more complicated. d. aggression. Another example includes people who feel benevolent toward traditional women but hostile toward nontraditional women. They are motivated by . They prescribe "proper" behavior. The IAT is sensitive to very slight hesitations that result from having automatic or unconscious biases. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of, In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. However, imagine if every time you ate ice cream, you got a brain freeze. Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pireaneans were arrested for violent crimes. d. father care. Female 1: I have my ups and downs just like anybody else. Unit 23. Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. In the 21st century, however, with social group categories even more complex, biases may be transforming. This comment is an example of: Describing positive behaviors by an ingroup member in terms of his or her general disposition, but describing the same behavior by an outgroup member as a specific, isolated act reflects: Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson, iGCSE PE 10.1 Leisure and Recreation / The Gr. The orientation of all people is "growth, autonomy, and freedom from control by external forces" (Schunk, 2016, p. 349). For example, the ingroup in most societies is the average citizen, seen as warm and competent. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. A) mirror-image perceptions. An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. Sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewer resources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). Cindy's reaction best illustrates, People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their, In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. He believes in strict obedience to authority and is intolerant of weakness in others. the tendency to favor our own group: scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame: other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. This reaction is best explained in terms of. He is disheartened and feels frustrated but is unable to question his manager. Take the IAT. believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups . A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. For example, a job interviewer might have two qualified applicants; a man and a woman. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. (d) Put a=1/2a=1 / 2a=1/2. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as . The difference is that we categories ourselves, as self-categorization theory points out (Turner, 1975).