carbon monoxide solubility

%PDF-1.6 % It is not clear whether the slightly greater observed effect of COHb in the patients compared to the normal subjects would be considered statistically significant or physiologically meaningful. 0000003091 00000 n Hearing deficiencies caused by carbon monoxide (generator gas). You do not have JavaScript enabled. The toxicological studies of carbon monoxide effects on human birth outcomes and fetal development have been critically reviewed. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning caused by methylene chloride paintstripper. Given this critical tissue dose, one can estimate the various environmental concentrations, subject characteristics and subject activities that will produce the critical tissue dose. This would potentially permit calculation of tissue dose for non-hypoxic tissue effects when the dosimetry models are developed. endstream endobj 31 0 obj[61 0 R] endobj 32 0 obj<>stream CO 2 is soluble in water, forming carbonic acid, although high amounts of impurities are known to reduce water solubility. Langston P, et al. The CFK equation is used below to determine the levels of carbon monoxide to which a normal adult under resting conditions for various intervals can be exposed without exceeding a COHb level of 2%. No account of the possible role of carboxymyoglobin was possible. These carbon monoxide associations generally remained robust in multiple pollutant models. %PDF-1.6 % There was no difference in cognitive outcomes between the two groups. Median COHb saturation was 1015% in Group A1, 2025% in Group A2, 15% in Group B and 15% in Group C. The average frequency of health complaints was much higher for members of Groups A1 and A2 than for those of Groups B and C. A large variety of subjective health complaints were made by Group A1 and especially Group A2 members. Standard Reference Data Act. It is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels such as wood, petrol, coal, natural gas and kerosene. Indoor concentrations of carbon monoxide and indoor : outdoor (I : O) ratios, Summary data from five studies on chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, http://physiology.umc.edu/themodelingworkshop/, http://www.coheadquarters.com/ChronicCO/indexchronic2.htm, http://www.coheadquarters.com/coacute.mech1.htm, Coal & biomass for cooking; coal for heating, Airport authority building control tower ground floor, Underground car parks, enclosed ice rinks, etc; homes with gas appliances, Case studies on carbon monoxide poisoning, Case study of a carbon monoxide poisoning (epidemiological study), 68 cases of carbon monoxide poisoning, 27 deaths 19892004, Sufficient evidence of a causal relationship, Acute exposure-related reduction of exercise tolerance and increase in symptoms of ischaemic heart disease (e.g. Acute laboratory exposure to carbon monoxide in healthy young people has been shown to decrease duration of maximum exercise tests in a COHb (dose)-related manner. With reperfusion of the brain, leukocyte adhesion and the subsequent release of destructive enzymes and excitatory amino acids amplify the initial oxidative injury. https://www.cpsc.gov/ko/content/what-you-should-know-about-using-paint-strippers. In: Penney DG, editor. Thus it is apparent that the increased compensatory flow is sufficient to account for the shift in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. The ED-10 was selected as a point of interest because in the behavioural literature, and with the typical number of subjects, the ED-10 is about the magnitude of effect that becomes statistically significant or behaviourally important. Therefore, for each health effect of interest, critical tissue oxygenation must be known. In: Penney DG, editor. Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content. Smith MV, et al. An important key to identifying carbon monoxide poisoning is the victim's environment and immediate past living or work situation. 1.21.8 mg/m3) found no significant association with changes in the carbon monoxide concentration in ambient air (158,159). The human microbiome produces, consumes, and responds to carbon monoxide. Tikuisis PF, et al. Benignus VA. Behavioral effects of carbon monoxide: meta-analyses and extrapolations. [74] For example, in certain bacteria, carbon monoxide is produced via the reduction of carbon dioxide by the enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase with favorable bioenergetics to power downstream cellular operations. Miller KA, et al. 24028 0 obj <>stream Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and benzene. It was found that platelet activating factor was involved in the adherence of neutrophils to brain endothelium after carbon monoxide poisoning and that the process required nitric-oxide-derived oxidants (163). Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. Average vital capacity was significantly less for members of Group A at any age than for members of Groups B or C. Average back strength was significantly less for members of Group A at age 3040 years than for same-age members of Group C. The difference from members of Group B was very large and significant over the entire age range of the two groups. The majority of patients had a similar pattern of hearing deficiencies. Thus, recent studies suggest that the intracellular uptake of carbon monoxide could be a major cause of neurological damage (i.e. Pope CA III, et al. Therefore, in the absence of indoor carbon monoxide sources, the indoor air concentration is the same as the concentration of ventilated or infiltrating outdoor air. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! Personal exposures and microenvironment concentrations of PM. Keles A, Demircan A, Kurtoglu G. Carbon monoxide poisoning: how many patients do we miss? Human studies were largely unreliable in the sense that they were not replicable, sometimes even by their original authors. Growth of the heart in health and disease. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. Phosgene, useful for preparing isocyanates, polycarbonates, and polyurethanes, is produced by passing purified carbon monoxide and chlorine gas through a bed of porous activated carbon, which serves as a catalyst. Because animal studies cannot at present provide much useful data about many aspects of the carbon monoxide poisoning syndrome (76), they have been considered only in order to understand basic mechanisms by which carbon monoxide may impair human health. If COHb and hypoxia are not important factors in chronically generated health effects, then an alternative means of referencing severity of exposure must be used. Carbon monoxide. The cellular mechanisms described above from recent experimental studies may well be the avenues by which this health damage occurs. The further decrease in exercise time was due to the same mechanism as for normal subjects (reduced arterial content of the same magnitude), which produced nearly the same magnitude of effect. June 30July 5, 2002; pp. Its molecular weight is 28.01 g/mol, melting point 205.1 C, boiling point (at 760 mmHg) 191.5 C (312.7 F), density 1.250 kg/m3 at 0 C and 1 atm and 1.145 kg/m3 at 25 C and 1 atm, and relative density (air = 1) 0.967 (1,2). When working with solvents at home, use them only outdoors or in well-ventilated areas. The result is arterial hypoxaemia. Geographical, spatial, and temporal distributions of multiple indoor air pollutants in four Chinese provinces. In both accidental exposure and epidemiological studies, toxic substances other than carbon monoxide were often present in the exposed person's inhaled air. Thom SR, Bhopale VM, Fisher D. Hyperbaric oxygen reduces delayed immune-mediated neuropathology in experimental carbon monoxide toxicity. Carbon monoxide and physical work capacity. Official websites use .gov Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). It results from incomplete oxidation of carbon in combustion. In the less vs more severe groups, the incidence of depression was 21% and 16%, respectively, and that of anxiety was 30% and 11%, respectively. *)Pf*%PsKK2n/2 iVVYMP A,+ if%YzjI A$M[5Y$r. 0000031423 00000 n With laboratory carbon monoxide exposures of a few hours' duration, no symptoms were reported, even for COHb approaching 20%. Fischer SL, Koshland C P. Daily and peak 1 h indoor air pollution and driving factors in a rural Chinese village. McGrath (93) reviewed the interacting effects on humans of altitude and carbon monoxide. Clinical reports of symptoms of low-level acute carbon monoxide poisoning (headache and nausea) are commonly cited (180) for COHb levels of 1020% but were not observed in a double-blind study for COHb levels below 20% (181). Pirnay F, et al. Group A1 was exposed to 58291 mg/m3, Group A2 to 701595 mg/m3, Group B to < 23 mg/m3 and Group C to < 12 mg/m3 carbon monoxide in the course of their normal work. It was found that carbon-monoxide-poisoned rats displayed impaired maze-learning that did not occur in similar rats made immunologically tolerant to MBP. 2021 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce Nonmetallic environmental toxicants: air pollutants, solvents and vapors. Effectively, a so-called safe level is arbitrarily set at a point at which a level of health effects is deemed acceptable. Gas T/K Solubility (X 1) Equation constants Ref. Alveolar ventilation, largely determined by body energy expenditure (exercise), can vary over a wide range and is thus the major physiological determinant of the rate of COHb formation and elimination. the guideline must be low enough to protect all those at highest risk. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. Penney DG. The evidence for this is derived from clinical toxicological, medical and neuropsychological case reports, case series and other retrospective studies. In a related reaction, the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide is coupled to CC bond formation, as in the FischerTropsch process where carbon monoxide is hydrogenated to liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The results were expressed in equivalent of estimated COHb. Trese MT, Krohel GB, Hepler RS. Key: YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES O=[Pb] Properties Chemical formula PbO Molar mass 223.20 g/mol Appearance red or yellow powder Density 9.53 g/cm3 Melting point 888 C (1,630 F; 1,161 K) Boiling point 1,477 C (2,691 F; 1,750 K) Solubility in water 0.017 g/L[1] Solubility https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mmg/mmg.asp?id=230&tid=42. Approaches to dealing with carbon monoxide in the living environment. Twenty-four-hour averages of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide exhibited the most consistent associations with cardiac conditions: 2.1% (95% CI 0.04.2) and 2.6% (95% CI 0.25.0) increase in visits, respectively, for myocardial infarction and angina per 0.8 mg/m3 carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide ( chemical formula CO) is a colorless, poisonous, odorless, tasteless, flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air. This technology allows coal or biomass to be converted to diesel. Numerical values are . Indoor and outdoor levels of respirable particulates (PM10) and carbon monoxide (CO) in high-rise apartment buildings. (157) assessed the association between ambient air pollution and daily elementary school absenteeism in Washoe County, Nevada in the period 19961998. The models estimate the effects of carboxymyoglobin formation on carbon monoxide uptake, but the effect of carboxymyoglobin on tissue function is not clear. Real-time concentrations of CO and NO. For example, the highest frequency of complaints in reports included headache, poor hearing, chest pain, lassitude, fatigue and forgetfulness. The early studies of Beck (98,99), Lindgren (100), Barrowcliff (101), Wilson & Schaeffer (102), Davies & Smith (103), Trese et al. The clinical manifestation s of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. 0000001496 00000 n For additional details see the Carbon Monoxide (CO) Headquarters web site (http://www.coheadquarters.com/ChronicCO/indexchronic2.htm). They are not mathematically trivial, but with modern computation tools the necessary calculations are readily performed (3,75). H\@FyZv/nU)`k.qbR:1 1.|)sBp;6]u:7m=[wN6nq}1^V+HgqxMk84E_U~x Maximal aerobic capacity at different levels of carboxyhemoglobin. In the Ekblom & Huot study (167), the baseline mean exercise duration was about 5.2 minutes. Morris RD, Naumova EN, Munasinghe RL. Helffenstein DA. endstream endobj 33 0 obj[76 0 R] endobj 34 0 obj<> endobj 35 0 obj<>stream [85][74] In another example, carbon monoxide is a nutrient for methanogenic archaea which reduce it to methane using hydrogen. This is an inverse measure in the sense that, as tissue oxygen increases towards the normal, function improves. Ryan CM. Effects of carbon monoxide exposure on developing animals and humans. Thus, a separate guideline is recommended to address 24-hour exposures. xb```b``g`c`P/dd@ A GL``6 `apb[.nXY^[GzS4-5}{|W gBninY:{Y7@\((h 3cfR266 @h #} Carbon monoxide: association of community air pollution with mortality. [87], The technology was first given "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) status by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002 for use as a secondary packaging system, and does not require labeling. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition. The difference is that the cardiac impairment has simply reduced the baseline exercise ability. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom connected by a triple bond. The solvents include water, aqueous and non-aqueous salt solutions, a variety of hydrocarbons, a variety of oxygen-containing, halogen-containing, sulfur-containing, and nitrogen-containing organic compounds, and also some biological fluids with which carbon monoxide has an important interaction. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. A catalytic converter in a car uses a metal catalyst to change carbon monoxide and nitric oxide into less harmful compounds. Carbon monoxide is conveniently produced in the laboratory by the dehydration of formic acid or oxalic acid, for example with concentrated sulfuric acid. Solubility of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen in Methanol and Methyl Formate: 298-373 K and 0.3-3.3 MPa. Heart disease mortality among bridge and tunnel officers exposed to carbon monoxide. (150) reported an association between ambient carbon monoxide levels in seven United States cities and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure among elderly people, which showed a consistent association with daily variations in ambient carbon monoxide. European Commission's INDEX project proposed guidelines: for 1 hour, 30 mg/m3; for 8 hours, 10 mg/m3(78). The outdoor air carbon monoxide concentration at the point of measurement may be significantly higher or lower than the concentration at the point of ventilation air intake. WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. Carbon monoxide intoxication can be caused by single or repetitively generated high short-term peaks, and carbon monoxide poisoning is the leading cause of death from poisoning (accidental and intentional). Subjective symptoms included vertigo that was accompanied by nystagmus more commonly in the confirmed group. Scotto di Marco G, et al. It was observed by these workers that brain energy metabolism remained statistically unchanged until COHb exceeded 20%, because up to that point blood flow could increase sufficiently to offset the carbon-monoxide-induced hypoxia. For chronic exposures to carbon monoxide, red cell volume increases or plasma volume decreases (70), thus increasing the amount of oxygen that can be delivered. American Journal of Physiology. Influence of indoor air quality (IAQ) objectives on air-conditioned offices in Hong Kong. Both isn't really true: $\ce {CO}$ does not react under these conditions. The angina patient's baseline exercise ability was reduced from a maximum energy expenditure of 112 kcal to 64 kcal by the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to provide oxygen to the exercising muscles. Values of carbon monoxide solubility In . Beef, sheep, and human sera, and beef plasma were saturated with the gas at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 37C. Maroni M, et al. If you think you or someone you're with may have carbon monoxide poisoning, get into fresh air and seek emergency medical care. This content does not have an English version. Jetter et al. Yang CY, et al. Prediction of carboxyhemoglobin formation due to transient exposure to carbon monoxide. After adjustment for the effects of weather, day of the week, month, holidays and time trend, they found that carbon monoxide and oxygen were statistically significant predictors of daily absenteeism. Effects of short-term exposure to carbon monoxide in subjects with coronary artery disease. C[2]n?z4m=E\IuB-1R-2Tb_e;E@($d5(&`.\h Levesque B, et al. They estimated 25% increases in the odds of increases in carbon monoxide, conditional on the previous day's asthma symptoms. Carbon monoxide poisoning. 0000006391 00000 n Methanol is produced by the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. =%zwAnL At 760 mmHg and 20 C, 1ppm = 1.165 mg/m3 and 1 mg/m3 = 0.858 ppm; at 25 C, 1 ppm = 1.145 mg/m3 and 1 mg/m3 = 0.873 ppm. Ocular effects of chronic carbon monoxide exposure. Thus for a specific environmental case of interest, mathematical simulations can be done to estimate protective regulatory decisions. Classed as an inorganic compound. endstream endobj 21 0 obj<> endobj 22 0 obj<> endobj 23 0 obj<>/Encoding<>>>>> endobj 24 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page/LastModified(D:20050502154154-04')>> endobj 25 0 obj<> endobj 26 0 obj<> endobj 27 0 obj<> endobj 28 0 obj[69 0 R] endobj 29 0 obj<>stream If you think you or someone you're with may have carbon monoxide poisoning, get into fresh air and seek emergency medical care. Although this process certainly takes place and is undoubtedly important in higher-level and acute carbon monoxide poisoning, other processes not previously known result in endothelial inflammation and immune activation, causing interference with blood flow and the destruction of cellular machinery. 0000071703 00000 n (135). However, heart disease is a leading cause of sickness and death worldwide, and it is plausible that coronary artery disease would make patients more susceptible to cardiac failure from increased hypoxic cardiac stress (179), but there are no data to evaluate this hypothesis. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that direct carbon monoxide exposure (not COHb) can produce a number of brain cellular events that could potentially lead to serious functional consequences (see the section on health effects below). Penney D, Benignus V, Kephalopoulos S, et al. Myers AM, DeFazio A, Kelly M P. Chronic carbon monoxide exposure: a clinical syndrome detected by neuropsychological tests. Chapter 5.5, carbon monoxide. (144) analysed nearly 12 000 diagnoses of infant bronchiolitis between 1999 and 2002 in south-west British Columbia. To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the If you want to reproduce the whole article Khan K, Sharief N. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning in children. Can cause flu-like symptoms that clear up after leaving home. P 2!(45TD 0000049096 00000 n Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. endstream endobj 41 0 obj[70 0 R] endobj 42 0 obj<>stream Air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd ed. E MjMM6&8v9Tj-]q{[.-=k6#1a{WCDQ{{eVkykL Z-fUr88 The data suggest that typical hearing deficiency may appear during the initial stage of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, when vestibular symptoms are not yet present. Sumari (113) describes the method used in Finland in examining victims of coal gas poisoning and the observations made in connection with it. <]>> endstream endobj 30 0 obj<>stream Similar search statements were used for physiological and mechanistic articles. [78] Many pharmaceutical drug delivery initiatives have developed methods to safely administer carbon monoxide, and subsequent controlled clinical trials have evaluated the therapeutic effect of carbon monoxide.[80]. Fatal at very high concentrations. In: Zak R, editor. For every 1.2-mg/m3 increase in carbon monoxide concentration, absence increased by 3.79% (95% CI 1.046.55). It is naturally produced by many enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways,[74] the best understood of which is the catabolic action of heme oxygenase on the heme derived from hemoproteins such as hemoglobin. But the condition is a life-threatening medical emergency. startxref 630-08-0) Prevalence and Use With the single exception of CO 2 . It was discovered in the 1960s that CO can be endogenously produced in the body by heme oxygenase (HO) metabolism of heme to produce CO, iron, and biliverdin. Carbon monoxide reacts with water vapour at high temperatures, forming carbon dioxide and hydrogen; this process has been used as a source of hydrogen for combination with nitrogen in the synthesis of ammonia. There was also a diminution of the sense of smell. Common symptoms include headache, lethargy/fatigue, nausea, dizziness and confusion. The audiogram, however, showed changes in 78.3% of the patients with carbon monoxide poisoning. Davies DM, Smith DJ. This process has been described by a multicompartmental physiological model (68,69). Effect of carbon monoxide on oxygen transport during exercise. information highlighted below and resubmit the form. A variety of objective health complaints were made by Group A1 and especially Group A2 members. All rights reserved. At moderate concentrations, angina, impaired vision, and reduced brain function may result. Sheppard et al. Hydrogen cyanide inhibits tissue respiration and thus adds to hypoxic effects, in addition to strongly stimulating increased pulmonary ventilation. 0000004649 00000 n Armstrong CL, Cunningham J. Functional and developmental effects of carbon monoxide toxicity in children. Inhalation is the only exogenous exposure route for carbon monoxide. Smokers' polycythemia. An official website of the United States government. In addition to affecting oxygen delivery, carbon monoxide also binds to other hemoproteins such as myoglobin and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, metallic and non-metallic cellular targets to affect many cell operations. Accessed Feb. 17, 2018. Follow the links above to find out more about the data Learn about CO2's solubility in water. People may have irreversible brain damage or even die before anyone realizes there's a problem. Public perceptions about carbon monoxide in the northern and southern regions of the United States, some relevant to indoor air, were investigated by Penney and published in 2008 (87). In ancient history, Hannibal executed Roman prisoners with coal fumes during the Second Punic War. Exposure to high, potentially lethal levels are not considered here at any length and delayed effects are not examined because neither would be seen in indoor carbon monoxide exposure situations under normal circumstances. (143), in another study in Seattle, found a 30% increase in asthma in children for a 1.2-mg/m3 increment in carbon monoxide that lagged one day. Problem in the self-reported exposures in the offices analysed in Ref. Vogel JA, Gleser MA. Handbook of environmental data on organic chemicals. Commun., 2004, 1070 National Center for Biotechnology Information. Carbon monoxide poisoning Frequently asked questions. CO is the leading cause of poisoning deaths in the United States and occurs when there is incomplete combustion of carbon-containing material such as coal, wood, natural gas . Other recent studies indicate that carbon monoxide poisoning can cause immune system dysfunction (164) that causes decrements in learning not observed in immunologically tolerant animals. Laboratory doseeffect exercise experiments in non-angina (normal) subjects (167172). The carbon monoxide effects were corrected by subtracting the effects of hypocapnia. (89). Thus, the dosimetry for putative non-hypoxic effects of carbon monoxide exposure is not known. McGrath JJ. 0000002050 00000 n Evidence exists that non-hypoxic events are responsible for impairments that sometimes develop several days after reduction of COHb due to high-level acute carbon monoxide exposure. Effects of carbon monoxide on myocardial ischemia. We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. Carboxymyoglobin is more stable than the oxygenated form of myoglobin, oxymyoglobin, which can become oxidized to the brown pigment metmyoglobin. At the present time, the strength of the evidence for important health outcomes is as summarized in Table 2.4. This type of therapy is now recommended for most seriously, acutely poisoned victims, but there have been some studies that fail to show its efficacy (81). This could be attributed to an actual small effect or to some small fraction of susceptible subjects having larger effects or to an inappropriate statistical model for the doseeffect curves. Thyagarajan MS, Gunawardena WJ, Coutinho CMA. Excluded were infants born before 37 or after 44 weeks of gestation, those weighing below 1000 or above 5500 grams at birth, those for whom fewer than 10 days of carbon monoxide measurements were available during the last trimester, and those whose mothers suffered from hypertension, diabetes or uterine bleeding during pregnancy. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 200. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health 0000002818 00000 n Helffenstein (97) recently reported on a study investigating the neurocognitive and neurobehavioural sequelae of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Intravascular neutrophil activation due to carbon monoxide poisoning. Journal of the American Medical Association. The relative risk for a change from 1.2 mg/m3 to 3.5 mg/m3, the 25th and 75th percentiles of the exposure distribution, was 1.065. hypoxic stress) was the major mechanism by which carbon monoxide exerts its health-damaging effects. Stieb et al. The end result is lipid peroxidation of the brain, which starts during recovery from carbon monoxide poisoning. Therefore, it is of great significance to monitor CO in living samples. 0000035235 00000 n Many reviews list the step-wise onset of various symptoms in acute carbon monoxide poisoning as they relate to blood COHb levels. Tikuisis PF, et al. The large questionnaire study conducted in the United Kingdom in 1997 under the title Carbon monoxide support has been reviewed by Hay et al. . Pan XC, et al. Toups GN (expert opinion). This process is responsible for most of the industrial production of acetic acid. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a stable oxide of carbon that is produced when there is partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds. 0000010432 00000 n Walker E. Carbon monoxide poisoning is still an under-recognized problem.